![]() | The FlywayFall 2020 |
The Flyway - Quarterly newsletter for Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Washington. Published by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS).
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The Flyway
Fall 2020
Quarterly newsletter for Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually and Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuges
Contents
The Miracle of
Migration............... 1
On the Wing ......... 3
Fall Migration
Arrivals
to expect .............. 3
Become a citizen
scientist! ............... 4
Nisqually Watershed
Virtual Festival
2020: ................... 4
Hunting on National
Wildlife Refuges.... 5
Red-tailed Hawk
Ramblings............. 6
Friends of Nisqually
NWRC................... 7
Save the
date!
Virtual
Nisqually
Watershed
Festival
Sept. 26,
2020
The Miraculous Journey of Migration
By Lynn Corliss
If you look up at the sky in the fall
you may be lucky enough to see a
large flock of geese or a hawk migrating south. Migration is a miraculous
journey of endurance and strength. Approximately 40% or 4,000 species of
birds migrate every year. For some species it is a test
of endurance.
Those that do
complete the
journey get
a chance to
mate and pass
on their genes.
Giffon vulture was seen at 37,000 feet
or over 7 miles above sea level in 1975.
Migrating birds will use wind currents
and even storms to aid them in their
journey.
While there are plenty of storms and
wind in both the spring and fall, the fall
migration is the hardest. Unlike their
spring
migration
where
they are
traveling
from the
tropics
where
food is
The most
plentiful,
extreme
in the fall
examples of
birds have
migration are
raised
seen in some Migratory Cackling Geese, photo by John Whitehead.
their young
of the most unand do not have as many reserves.
likely species of birds. For example, the
If that is not enough, birds must also
Northern Wheatear, a Eurasian songmolt in order to obtain new feathers in
bird, travels 9,000 miles between the
preparation for migration. Molting is an
Arctic and Africa. The Arctic Tern can
energy expensive event. In order to get
travel 49,700 miles in a year between
enough energy for all this, they go into
the Arctic and Antartica. The Bar-tailed
a state known as hyperphagia where
Godwit can travel 7,000 miles without
they gorge themselves with food. After
stopping. The snipe, a bulky looking
nesting and molting their bodies go
bird, flies 4,200 miles and can reach
through many changes in preparation
flying speeds up to 60 mph.
for flight.
Not only can birds fly fast and far but
Nighttime migrating birds must prepare
they can also reach great heights while
themselves for being active during both
migrating. During most of the year,
the day and night during their migramany birds only fly around 500 feet in
tion. This happens by changing their
elevation. However, while migrating,
circadian clock. Normally birds are
they will fly around 2,000 to 5,000 feet
only active during the day time and are
and may even climb to 20,000 feet
diurnal. But when they enter a stage
into the sky. Bar-headed Geese have
of zugunruhe or a state of excitement
been known to fly 5 ½ miles over the
Himalayan Mountains and the Ruppel’s
Continued on next page
Migration
From previous page
(coined by Eberhard Gwinner), they are lengthening
their circadian clock in order to be active during the
day and the night. When you see birds in this state,
you may notice that it looks like they are in a feeding
frenzy, flying in large flocks and being more active than
normal. This is the energy they tap into in order to be
able to migrate at night
and be active for longer
hours.
are stimulated by blue light. When this happens, a radical pair of molecules with unpaired electrons spin and
react with the magnetic field. Birds rely on many cues,
including their internal compass to make sure they arrive safely at their destination.
Hawks, swallows and vultures migrate when there is daylight. At sunrise you might be lucky enough to see a flock
of swallows as they rise in a huge column out of the Refuge estuary. As they migrate
across the landscape, they
travel in a loose flock moving
continuously instead of flying back and forth as when
they feed. At sunset when
they roost for the night, it
may look like a colony of
bees swarming as they fly up
and down until they all settle
in for the night.
There are benefits to
migrating at night. It is
safer for smaller species, such as sparrows,
flycatchers, warblers and
thrushes to migrate at
night because there are
fewer predators out at
night. There is also less
Hawks and other raptors
wind turbulence, and
will migrate individually
it is cooler at night for
during the day. They fly low
migrating. Usually birds
in the sky and alternate
can rely on land marks
between rapid wing beats
and stars to guide them Barn Swallow chicks migrate south after only a few short
and gliding. Vultures have
while migrating, but
perfected the efficiency of
months at the Refuge. Photo by USFWS
with very little light it is
gliding and thus using very
hard to imagine how they migrate at night. Birds have
little energy while flying. Our local Turkey Vultures
both magnetite (an iron-based mineral that is magnetic) will gather in large groups and then take off as the sun
and cryptochormes (proteins) in their body that act
rises and the day time winds begin. Turkey Vultures are
as internal compasses that guide the birds while they
usually seen alone soaring high in thermals, but while
migrate in the dark. When the sky is cloudy or there is
migrating they will move together. Our local Turkey
very little light, scientists have realized that birds rely
Vultures are heading to California for the winter.
on either the magnetite located in their brain or crypWhile Turkey vultures may not start migrating until
tochromes located in their eyes to detect the Earth’s
October, there are some species that start migrating as
magnetic field. Cryptochormes are proteins that are
early as mid-June. Our Pacific Northwest male Rufous
sensitive to blue light. There is a chemical reaction that
hummingbirds do not stay and help raise the young but
occurs in the retina of the eye when the cryptochormes
instead start migrating in mid-June to Arizona and then
Mexico. The female Rufous hummingbird heads south
soon after the young have fledged.
Published quarterly by the Friends of
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
Phone: 360.753.9467
Fax: 360.534.9302
www.fws.gov/refuge/billy_frank_jr_nisqually
www.fws.gov/refuge/grays_harbor
Volume 12, Number 3
Editor: Susie Hayes
Editorial Advisors: David Clark,
Jennifer Cutillo, David True
Graphic design: Lee Miller
Save trees, think green.
To receive The Flyway electronically, email
nisqually@fws.gov
2
In August, the shorebird migration is in full swing in
the United States. More than half a million shorebirds
stop at Gray’s Harbor, Washington to gain weight before
heading south. There you can see groups of dunlin,
godwits and sanderlings. The Bar-tailed godwit which
was mentioned earlier can increase its body fat by
55%. Some smaller shorebirds can increase their intestine capacity by 100% in preparation for their arduous
journey.
The peak of fall migration is from mid-August to midOctober. If you want to witness the fall migration in real
time, just visit the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Bird Cast
Map at https://birdcast.info/live-migration-maps/ or
just go outside and look up at the sky.
The Flyway
On the Wing
By Glynnis Nakai, Refuge Manager
As a National Wildlife Refuge, we know the value of
getting outdoors. It is rewarding to provide access for
the public, especially during the coronavirus pandemic.
Access to public lands is a priority for the
Fish and Wildlife Service. After months of
closures, Director Aurelia Skipwith is celebrating re-openings on Refuges throughout the country. Her visit to Billy Frank Jr.
Nisqually NWR on July 31st was a private
event to conform with state regulations
on physical distance and group size. A few
of the Refuge partners in attendance for
the two hour event included: David Troutt,
Director of Natural Resources (Nisqually
Indian Tribe); Hanford McCloud, Nisqually
Tribal Council member (Nisqually Indian
Tribe); Eric Gardner, Director of Wildlife Section (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife); Chip Jenkins,
Superintendent (Mt. Rainier National Park); and Sheila
McCartan, Board Member (Friends of Nisqually NWRC).
The focus was on partnerships, urban refuges, and access to public lands, but it had such a different feel than
special events held in the past.
The event was held outside in the education amphitheater and included a walk on the boardwalk with our
partners. What made this visit different was the inability
to show Director Skipwith all the aspects of what makes
this urban Refuge special…….our volunteers who are
available for that personal attention, whether it’s in the
Norm Dicks Visitor Center, through an environmental
education program, or as trail rovers. A verbal descrip-
tion of our activities is not enough to feel the energy,
enthusiasm, and dedication that come from actually
seeing the volunteers in action. For that, I’m sorry
Aurelia did not experience us at our best but there were
benefits. She will have a picture in her mind when she
hears or sees the name Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually NWR.
She will also remember some of the key points brought
to her attention, for example, staffing and
budget limitations, and the potential to
expand our reach into urban communities,
which is one of her priorities.
The uncertainty of COVID-19 in our communities still plays a big role in our usual
activities as days turn to months. A big
change for us is the absence of AmeriCorps members for the 2020-21 season.
This was not an easy decision but in light
of the challenges posed for teachers and
students, and districts moving towards online lessons, AmeriCorps members would not have the
same quality experience that is gained from the usual
programming. We look forward to returning to our regularly scheduled programming next year.
But we look forward to an upcoming event with a twist.
Our annual Nisqually Watershed Festival—it’s going virtual! Each day, starting September 21st there will be a
short appetizer (pre-recorded or live video) from festival
exhibitors and partners leading up to a Saturday event
on September 26th (more information can be found on
page 4). We hope you can join us!
Our communities are important to us—stay safe and
stay healthy!
Fall Migration Arrivals:
Who to Expect and When to Expect Them!
Planning a trip to the Refuge this fall and want to know
what birds are expected to be arriving around the time
of your visit? Our guide to returning birds will help you
spot all the new-comers! We’ve divided our fall migration arrivals into two week increments and used the
same data used to create the Refuge’s Wildlife Checklist
to provide this quick overview of when our fall migrants
are expected to arrive.
An * denotes a bird that can be found year-round, but
whose numbers are expected to increase at the time
listed.
First Half of September: Gadwall*, Northern Pintail,
Green-winged Teal, Lesser Scaup, Bufflehead, Mew
Gull*, American Kestrel*, Merlin*, Peregrine Falcon*, Ruby-crowned Kinglet**, Lincoln’s Sparrow,
Western Meadowlark*
Fall 2020
Second Half of September: Greater White-fronted Goose
Cackling Goose, American Wigeon*, Northern Shoveler, Hooded Merganser*, Horned Grebe, Townsends
Warbler, Fox Sparrow, Golden-crowned Sparrow
First Half of October: Common Goldeneye, Common
Loon, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Pine Siskin*,
Second Half of October: Brant, Eurasian Wigeon, Ringnecked Duck, Common Merganser*, American Coot*,
Dunlin*, Northern Shrike,
First Half of November: Bonaparte’s Gull*
Second Half of November: Varied Thrush
Did you spot one of these birds earlier than we predicted? Consider reporting your observation at www.ebird.
org or letting us know at info@friendsofnisquallynwrc.
org. We’d love to hear from you!
3
Stay-home Stay-healthy got you staying-bored as
well? Become a citizen scientist!
By Davy Clark
As COVID-19 has upended our daily life and normal
routines, there is a special study of nature that offers a
window into a more reliable world. People of all ages
can engage in this study from almost anywhere! It can
involve birds, bugs, plants, or any part
of the living world. Taking part in this
study takes only a few minutes a day,
but the rewards and insights offered
are boundless. This is the study of
Phenology.
historic springtime temperatures near Kyoto to better
understand climate change today. Farmers have also
long used phenological knowledge. If you’ve ever tried
to grow corn you may be familiar with the expression
“knee-high by the fourth of July”. This is an excellent
example of a phenological indicator that lets a farmer
know how successful their crop will be.
Taking part in phenological record
keeping is easier than ever before.
With just a notebook, pencil, and wifi
you can take part in Citizen Science
initiatives like Project Budburst (budPhenology is the study of nature’s
burst.org) and Nature’s Notebook
calendar. That is to say, the periodic
(usanpn.org/natures_notebook). These
observation of particular events in
amazing tools allow anyone to conthe life cycle of living things that are
tribute valuable data that helps land
influenced by the seasons. It is about
managers, climatologists, and other
observing and documenting those
natural resource professionals better
events, like the first leaves of spring,
understand our changing planet. Plus,
or the first migrating waterfowl of fall.
as you observe individual organisms
It helps us to get connected with the
over time you may find, like so many
seasonal changes around us and to
others who take part in the study of
better understand some of nature’s big Spring buds photo by i’ina
phenology, that you start noticing new
questions like, “Do April Showers really
and wondrous parts of nature. The act of slowing down
bring May flowers?”
and developing a habit of returning to the same place
The study of phenology is ancient, and people from
regularly is sure to ignite a sense of wonder and deepen
all over the world have taken part in this study to help
your connection with the natural world. From the
youngest naturalist just beginning to explore the world
them better understand the natural world around them.
around them to the life-long student of nature, phenolIn Japan, phenological records on blooming cherry
ogy is a great way to stay connected to nature, even
blossoms extend from the present day back to the 9th
century. These data are being used to help reconstruct
during these uncertain times.
Nisqually Watershed Festival 2020:
A Virtual Celebration!
By Ashley Von Essen,
Nisqually Watershed Festival Director
For the past 30 years, the Nisqually Watershed Festival
has been a culmination and celebration of all things
Nisqually. From the mountain to the sound, to the people, culture, and environment, this festival has brought
together communities and organizations from throughout Puget Sound to celebrate our accomplishments,
successes, and growth. And for our 31st anniversary,
we’re not going to let a pandemic stop us!
Since we can’t be together in person, the festival planning committee has opted to celebrate in a slightly different way. This year’s Nisqually Watershed Festival will
still have many of your favorite activities and outreach
from non-profits and local organizations, but will have
an online format.
4
For this year’s theme, “From Mountain to Sound,”
we’ll take you on a virtual tour through the Nisqually
watershed, starting at the top of Mount Rainier and
ending in the Nisqually River estuary. Join us as we visit
Northwest Trek, take flight through the Ohop Valley, and
learn about southern resident Orca Whales and other
critters that reside in the Puget Sound. We’ll also take
you to meet wolves, aquatic insects, and a vast array of
reptiles with Mr. Lizard and his mobile zoo. We’ll even
show you how to make your own nature prints and
salmon kites at home!
With so many activities planned, we knew we couldn’t
fit it all into one day, so we’re going to celebrate all
week long! Programming will begin Monday, September 21st, and will culminate with a “Mainstage” on
Saturday, September 26th.
For more information and to view our line-up of virtual
events, visit us at: http://nisquallyriver.org/festival/ or
find our event on Facebook!
The Flyway
Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges
By Mike McMinn
Why is waterfowl hunting or any hunting allowed on
National Wildlife Refuges? I mean they are ‘refuges’ so
how can you kill anything in a ‘refuge’? First, we need
to look at some abbreviated historical information. Efforts to protect some areas and certain species began in
mid-1800’s. This included establishing biological agencies and setting aside areas that would later become
parts of the National Park System. At the urging of both
consumptive users such as hunters and non-consumptive users such as birding groups, President Theodore
Roosevelt established the first Federal Bird Reservation in 1903 called Pelican Island in Florida. A chain of
these Reservations was established around the country
to protect nongame birds and other wildlife.
In 1918 the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was passed which
afforded protections to species of birds that crossed
international borders and established coordinated
protections. In 1929 the Migratory Bird Conservation
Act was passed which set forth the National Wildlife
Refuge System, set rules for how and when waterfowl
may be hunted and ended commercial market hunting of birds as food. This effort was to protect wildlife
resources for the use of all Americans. In 1934 the
National Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act was
passed that required anyone hunting waterfowl to buy
a Federal Duck Stamp. This stamp looks like a postage
stamp but is only for the right to hunt waterfowl. This
Act requires 100% of the collected funds to be set aside
for the purchase of land for waterfowl. Billy Frank Jr.
Nisqually NWR was mostly purchased with these Duck
Stamp dollars. So, you can see that many groups have
been instrumental over the years in desire to preserve
and protect our wildlife resources. These groups can be
broken down into two basics categories, consumptive
and non-consumptive.
So back to the initial question, why allow hunting. The
refuge system is made up of over 500 units with each
with a specific stated reason why it was established.
It may be to protect one or more endangered species,
or to protect waterfowl habitat, or even more generic
to just protect wildlife habitat. Some are closed to the
public; some are open or partially open to the public.
Many had long histories of sport hunting. With all the
demands, needs, and wants of a diverse public the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge
System needed to state plainly what its overall mission was. That was spelled out in 1997 in the National
Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act. One of those
mission statements outlined was, “Foster understanding
and instill appreciation of fish, wildlife, and plants, and
their conservation, by providing the public with safe,
high-quality, and compatible wildlife-dependent public
Fall 2020
use. Such use includes hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, and environmental education
and interpretation.”
But how can hunting be allowed, is it not damaging
to animal populations? Is it moral? I will not try and
answer the morality of hunting here, that would take a
book, and then it still would be just an opinion. But as
to the first question I think I can use science to answer
that. First, we must understand some concepts of population dynamics. Most species of animal produce far
more young then can possibly survive, this is called the
harvestable surplus. This surplus, if not removed each
year, would cause the population to grow uncontrollably
until there was not enough food, water, or shelter for
survival, and the population would crash with individuals perishing agonizing deaths.
So, what does happen to this surplus? One primary
purpose it serves is to repopulate areas decimated
by disasters. Another is to insure diversity of genetic
material for adaptions. But if there is no disaster or
radical change to conditions where do these animals
go? Predation is major source of loss along with severe
weather, drought, famine, disease, and competition for
other resources like nesting sites. Each year this surplus
must be removed one way or another. Managed hunting is just such a method. Like the farmer who must
remove domestic animals from their farm each year to
maintain a healthy population, wildlife managers monitor game populations to limit the number of animals
removed to ensure a healthy sustainable population for
generations to come.
Natural causes can control populations. But in many
areas, predation is not possible due to the lack of predators and the impossibility of reintroduction of enough
predators. Starvation is not a great tool either. Sport and
subsistence hunting and gathering can be a useful tool
in the practice of wildlife management. Granted as our
society becomes more and more urban and we lose our
rural roots and traditions the numbers of hunters have
dropped. “New figures from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service show that the number of hunters 16 and older
declined by 10 percent between 1996 and 2006—from
14 million to about 12.5 million. The drop was most
acute in New England, the Rocky Mountains, and the
Pacific states, which lost 400,000 hunters in that span.”
CBS News 2007.
In conclusion, properly managed hunting does not
threaten wildlife populations, is no crueler than ways
that wildlife die naturally, and can and often does
increase the health of the population and protects the
habitat for many other species.
5
Red-tailed Hawk Ramblings
By David True
It’s amazing how finding the same things year after
year can convey such feelings of comfort and joy. This
could be a favorite place to stop for a bite to eat, or
perhaps a beautiful view filled with flowers and trees
that brighten up your day. For me, one of the things
that always give me peace of mind is observing one of
the many Red-tailed Hawks that are often perched on a
sign or a treetop along the numerous highways in this
region. These big hawks are easy to view and study for
anyone that has the time to do so.
tailed Hawk you find. Watch how it hunts while soaring
in the sky or perched on a roadside sign. These hawks
have fantastic eyesight that allows them to find small
creatures even when flying high above. When the hawk
finds something that could potentially be good to catch,
the bird will pounce quietly from above, using its talons
to dispatch its prey. Their favorite foods are small mammals such as mice and voles, but they will occasionally
catch animals the size of squirrels and rabbits as well.
They also enjoy munching on snakes, frogs and large
insects. Red-tailed Hawks might eat a bird if they can
catch them, but many birds are too fast and agile for
this species of hawk to pursue.
These hawks are also
The Red-tailed Hawk
famous in Hollywood
(Buteo jamaicensis)
as well. Have you
is related to a group
ever watched a movie
of hawks known as
that shows a Bald
Buteos, which are
Eagle calling with a
characterized as havloud “KEeeeaarrr”
ing long, stocky wings
call? Well, that isn’t
and somewhat short
entirely correct. That
square tails, although
sound comes from
each species is a tad
the Red-tailed Hawk!
bit different in their
In fact, if you go to an
shape. Most of these
area where Red-tailed
hawks are known for
Hawks are nesting,
soaring effortlessly
there is a good chance
in the sky, riding the
you might hear this
sun’s heat rising back
wild call overhead.
from the earth known
As long as there is
as thermals. There are
some open country
quite a few of these
around, a Red-tailed
types of hawks found Red-tailed hawk calling from a Douglas fir. Photo by David True
Hawk could be spotthroughout the state of
ted
soaring
or
perched
in
a
tree.
I’ve
found Red-tailed
Washington, particularly east of the Cascades. Around
Hawks
in
wetlands,
deserts
and
the
edges
of thick
Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually NWR, an occasional Redforests,
but
they
also
can
be
common
around
city
shouldered or Rough-legged Hawk may pop up near the
parks
and
suburban
areas.
All
they
need
is
a
place
to
open grassy and wet areas of the Refuge, particularly in
find
food
and
for
nesting
birds,
a
large
tree
or
platform
the colder times of the year. But neither of these hawks
where they can build a large stick nest. Most have one
is anywhere near as prevalent as the Red-tailed Hawk.
to five nestlings during a given season. These hawks
So, is it easy to identify a Red-tailed Hawk? Not always!
mate for life, although if one of the spouses were to die,
Although these hawks have a distinctive shape and
they may find another mate.
profile, the tail isn’t always red. Young birds never have
The next time you travel or visit the Refuge, look along
a red tail, and a few types of Red-tailed Hawks around
the road, watch the treetops in the distance or check
the country never acquire a reddish tail even as they
for birds flying overhead to find out what the local redage. Plumage can be remarkably different as well. Just
tailed hawks are doing. These adaptable hawks bring
taking a short drive along a country highway could prome a feeling of serenity nearly every time that I observe
vide the opportunity to find Red-tailed Hawks that are
them, and I hope that they do for you as well!
white below and brownish above, totally black all over,
or perhaps some shades in-between. Some hawks can
Friends of Nisqually NWR Complex is a
almost be all whitish in color with a thick belly band,
but others can nearly be void of stripes. I’m not sure if
501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1998
there is another common wild bird in this region that
to promote conservation of the natural and cultural
can have so many variants of their plumage!
resources and fund educational
Yet even as common as they are, they are definitely not
boring! For instance, take a good look at the next Red-
6
and outreach programs at
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
The Flyway
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M
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Your tax deductible contribution will help preserve the unique habitats, fish, and wildlife of the
Nisqually Delta and the Grays Harbor Tideflats.
OFFICE USE Rec’d__________ Mo___________ New______ Renew______ Ent____________ Mld___________
Fall 2020
7
Friends of Nisqually
National Wildlife Refuge
100 Brown Farm Road
Olympia WA 98516
Non-Profit Org
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Olympia WA
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