Klondike Gold Rush - Seattle Unit

Klondike Gold Rush N a t i o n a l Park Service U.S. D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r N a t i o n a l Historical Park Seattle, Washington MlrffifMfCT The cry of "Klondike gold!" first captured the world's imagination here in Seattle. It was July 1897. Tens of thousands of gold seekers soon poured through this small waterfront city. The Chamber of Commerce aggressively promoted Seattle as the "only place" to outfit for the goldfields. And sales did soar—to $25 million by early 1898. Shopkeepers piled their stock 10 feet deep on storefront boardwalks (bottom photo). Stampeders eagerly bought supplies and had one last hurrah! Pioneer Square a b o u t 1897 They then boarded ships bound for the wild unknown of Alaska and Canada. This frenzy of activity helped to re-ignite the nation's depressed economy, and it ensured Seattle's position as a regional trade center. Discover many fascinating reminders of 1890s Seattle today in the Pioneer Square National Historic District. Immerse yourself in the glory days of the Klondike Gold Rush that this national historical park commemorates. The Pioneer Building dominated both Seattle's skyline and its gold rush-era commerce. Built in 1892, it faces historic Pioneer Place (see map). Between 1897 and 1908, the building housed 48 mining firms. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Seeing Gold Rush-era Seattle Today Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park— Seattle is located in t h e historic Cadillac H o t e l , 319 Second Avenue South, t w o blocks n o r t h o f t h e Seattle f o o t b a l l s t a d i u m . Visitor center hours vary by season. Please call 206-220-4240 or visit www.nps.gov/klse f o r current i n f o r m a t i o n . It is closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1. Ask at t h e visitor center a b o u t t h e schedule of w a l k i n g tours and o t h e r programs and activities. Exhibits and audiovisual programs t h e r e tell t h e story of Seattle's crucial role as t h e staging area f o r t h e Klondike Gold Rush. Parking is available on t h e street and at several nearby locations. Bus stops, t h e t r a i n s t a t i o n , and local ferries are w i t h i n w a l k i n g distance. The heart o f g o l d rush Seattle, Pioneer Square National Historic District has shops, art galleries, restaurants, and b o o k and a n t i q u e stores. M a n y g o l d rush-era buildings still stand in t h e historic district today. The map at r i g h t w i l l help y o u identify t h e m . To t h e n o r t h is W a t e r f r o n t Park, t h e site w h e r e t h e steamship Portland docked in 1897 w i t h t h e 68 miners w h o s e cargo of g o l d launched t h e Klondike Gold Rush. Accessibility We strive t o make o u r facilities, programs, and services accessible t o all. For i n f o r m a t i o n , ask at t h e visitor center or check our website. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park is one of over 400 parks in t h e National Park System. Learn more at w w w . n p s . g o v . S a f e t y The park is located in d o w n t o w n Seattle. W a t c h f o r traffic and t a k e precautions a p p r o p r i a t e t o a major m e t r o p o l i t a n area, especially w i t h children. Be careful of uneven w a l k i n g surfaces in t h e historic district. Firearms are p r o h i b i t e d in this park. Information K l o n d i k e Gold Rush National Historical Park 319 2nd A v e n u e South, Seattle, W A 98104 206-220-4240 www.nps.gov/klse -GPO:2017—398-407/30877 Last updated 2014 Printed on recycled paper. Sudden, huge demand for outfits S ' and goods for the Klondike forced J merchants t o pile their wares many ' feet deep on Seattle sidewalks, u ' Stampeders scrambled t o assemble . t h e i r so-called " t o n of goods" that « Canada's Mounties w o u l d require r before admitting gold-seekers to Canada, where tne gold neids < \ were. What might be called the •„ ' "Klondike Outfit Rush" pulled—or , jerked—Seattle out of economic depression. A number of today's j national retailers got their big break here from the gold rush. . SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES Long Trail to the Klondike GOLD! GOLD! GOLD! GOLD! screamed headlines that sent over 100,000 people on a quest t o pull themselves and the nation out of a three-year depression's economic ruin. But to strike it rich they would struggle against time, each other, and northern wilderness. U.S. gold reserves plummeted in 1893. The stock market crashed. Ensuing panic left millions hungry, depressed, and destitute. Then came hope: on August 16,1896, gold was discovered in northwestern Canada, near where the Klondike and Yukon rivers join. On July 17,1897, the SS Portland reached Seattle with 68 rich miners and nearly two tons of gold! This promised adventure and quick wealth. For the lure of gold many risked all, even their lives, t o be a part of the last grand adventure of its kind. O SEATTLE & BEYOND The steamship Excelsior offloaded miners heavy with gold at San Francisco on the evening of July 14, 1897. The Portland docked at Seattle the morning of July 17, preceded by a reporter on a tugboat touting "more than a ton ~x ,—Jo-l ~ ~ I , J - ~ u ~ _ ^ . j » d „ x „ + ;+ ui GUIIU y u i u wi i u u o i u . \ip I i a c L n was over two tons.) Among these Fewer than 3,000 took the all-water "rich man's route" from Seattle to St. Michael in Alaska, then up the Yukon to Dawson. It cost more than most stampeders could pay. Nearly 2,000 tried a difficult, all-land route from Edmonton. The handful who made it to Dawson took nearly two years, arriving after the rush was over. Numbers (1 to 4) on the map match numbered paragraphs about the major routes taken to Dawson and the gold fields (5). Most stampeders chose Chilkoot Pass or White Pass, and then floated down the Yukon. first Klondikers were former Seattle YMCA Secretary Tom Lippy and his wife Salome. They ventured north on Tom's hunch in March 1896 just The ton of goods (below) gives a physical sense of a stampeder's life and diet. Considered essential were 350 pounds of flour, 150 of bacon, and 100 each of beans and sugar. Outfits cost $250 to $500. NPS/JOHN DAWSON before the discovery. They brought back $80,000 and would eventually take nearly $2 million from the richest Klondike claim of all. The stampede was on, and all possible passage north to Alaska was booked. The Klondike Gold Rush was well documented. Hopeful stampeders posed at painted backdrops in Seattle studios. Few realized what hardships awaited in interior Canada's Yukon—or on rugged trails leading to the gold fields. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVES OF ALBERTA © DYEA & THE CHILKOOT TRAIL Before the gold rush the Tlingit Nation controlled the strategic Chilkoot Pass trade route over the coast mountains t o interior First Nation peoples' lands. The 33-mile Chilkoot Traii iinks tidewater Alaska t o the Yukon River's Canadian headwaters—and a navigable route t o the Klondike gold fields. Over 30,000 gold seekers toiled up its Golden Stairs, a hellish quarter-mile climb gaining The Chilkoot Trail's fabled Golden Stairs humbled argonauts intent on the summit. This vivid image—an endless line of prospectors toting enormous loads like worker ants—became the Klondike Gold Rush icon. It took three months and 20 to 40 trips to carry their ton of goods over the pass. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES 1,000 vertical feet, the last obstacle of the Chilkoot. Most scaled the pass 20 to 40 times, shuttling their required ton of goods— a year's supply—north to the border for North West Mounted Police approval to enter Canada. No exact international boundary had been set, but Canada's regulation prevented starvation in the interior and protected its claim to all lands north of the passes. Conservationist John Muir was studying southeast Alaska glaciers when the stampede hit. Gold rush Dyea and Skagway "looked like anthills someone stirred with a stick," Muir wrote. © SKAGWAY & WHITE PASS Chiefs Doniwak (left) and Isaac of the Tlingit were pivotal in transmountain packing and trading as gold prospecting increased in Canada's interior. As the Klondike stampede intensified, demand for Native packers exceeded supply. Pack horses, aerial tramways, and other schemes would soon reduce the Tlingit's packing business. ALASKA STATE LIBRARY A better port than Dyea, Skagway was the "Gateway to the Klondike." Wild, it had something for all. Confidence artists and thieves, led by Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith, and greedy merchants lightened the unwary stampeder's load. Up-to-date Skagway had electric lights and telephones. It boasted 80 saloons, three breweries, many brothels, and other service or supply businesses. The White Pass Trail was 10 miles longer—but its summit less steep and 600 feet lower—than the Chilkoot Trail. Two months' overuse destroyed it. Its second life began as British investors started to build the White Pass and Yukon Route Railroad in May 1898. Rails reached the White Pass summit in February 1899, ' Bennett Lake in July 1899, and Whitehorse in July 1900. With the railroad open, development at Dyea and along the trails ceased. But by then the rush was over. Diets of beans, bacon, and bread (see big round loaf), lacking vitamin C from fresh produce, made scurvy all too common. NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF CANADA (ABOVE AND FAR RIGHT) At the Chilkoot and White pass summits, Canada's Mounties gave properly outfitted stampeders official entry into Canada. "It didn't matter which one you took," said a stampeder who had traveled both trails, "you'd wished you had taken the other." GLENBOW ARCHIVES, CALGARY, ALBERTA Women and a few children joined the stampede. Many women who went north were spouses, mining partners, or business owners. Some prostitutes, styled as "actresses," went north to ply their trade. Falsely dubbed "all-weather," the White Pass Trail—boulder fields, sharp rocks, and bogs—earned the name Dead Horse Trail. Over the 1897-1898 winter 3,000 horses died on it "like mosquitoes in the first frost," Sack London wrote. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES © Y U K O N VIA B E N N E T T L A K E It took three months just to cross the mountains t o the interior. Then most of Whipsawing trees into planks, stampeders built boats or rafts—and then waited for a long Arctic winter to end. NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF CANADA UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES (CENTER) the 30,000 stampeders sat out the 1897-1898 winter in tents by frozen lakes A hundred miles of lakes led into the Yukon River, where canyon rapids soon gave way to smooth water beyond Whitehorse. NPS PHOTO ...j ill A Lindeman, Bennett, or Tagish—still 550 miles from the gold fields. They built 7,124 boats from whipsawn green lumber and waited for lake ice to melt. Finally, on May 29, 1898, the motley flotilla set out. In the next few days five men died, and raging rapids near Whitehorse crushed 150 boats. After the rapids it was a long, relatively easy trip, but bugs and 22-hour sunlit days drove boaters nearly mad. Near Dawson some feuding parties split up—cutting in half even their boats and trypans. Then, finally, Dawson City! © D A W S O N CITY & THE GOLD FIELDS Before the gold rush a few Han First Nations people camped on the small wealth washed away. Canadian historian Pierre Berton writes that many stam- island where the Yukon and Klondike rivers join. Prospecting in the area George peders arrived in Dawson City and simply wandered about, utterly disoriented Washington Carmack, Keish ("Skookum Jim" Mason), and Kaa Goox (Dawson by its frantic activity, not bothering to prospect at all. Played out over such vast Charlie) struck gold on August 16, 1896, on Rabbit (later re-named Bonanza) space and time, the adventure itself seems t o have been, for many people, the Creek. On August 17 they filed claims in Fortymile, the nearest town, 50 miles biggest attraction of the Klondike Gold Rush. Mining was another story. downriver. This sparked the first stampede as prospectors already in the interior got the news via the informal bush communication network. Former Fortymile To get through the perennially frozen soil called permafrost, miners built fires trader and grubstaker Joseph Ladue shrewdly platted Dawson City and made a to melt a shaft down to where the gold lay. Two men digging like this for a fortune selling lots. winter used 30 cords of firewood that they had to cut themseives (untii the stampede's large labor pool arrived). Miners dug shafts down to the gold just Dawson City boomed. Soon it was Canada's largest city west of Winnipeg and above bedrock, deep below the layers of frozen muck and gravel. At bedrock, north of Vancouver, its population 30,000 to 40,000. It stretched for two miles they tunneled out, "drifting," as it was called, along the gold-bearing gravels by the Yukon, bulging with goldseekers. Anything desired could be had—for of the old stream course. Dirt and gold-bearing gravel, called "pay gravel," a price: one fresh egg $5, one onion $2, whiskey $40 a gallon. However, most were hoisted out of the hole and piled separately for sluicing (washing away stampeders did not reach Dawson City until late June 1898, nearly two years the dirt and gravel) in spring and summer, once sunlight thawed the dumps after the big discovery, and prospectors already in the region had long since and streams. Reporting from right on the scene, journalist Tappan Adney wrote staked claim to the known gold fields. Many disillusioned stampeders simply that—considering the cost of reaching the country and the cost of working the sold their gear and supplies for steamboat fare to the outside, their visions of mines—"The Klondike is not a poor man's country." In Dawson City and Seattle more fortunes were made off miners than by mining. By 1906 Klondike gold exceeded $108 million at $16perouna Compare real miners in a Klondike drifting tunnel (right) to stampeders posing in a Seattle studio (shown above). The photos reflect the same gold rush—one as a romantic notion, one as the harsh reality—"the last grand adventure of its kind that the world will ever know." CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CI (RIGHT), GOLD PAN NPS PHi UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES