Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor NMEM https://www.nps.gov/perl/index.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial Pearl Harbor National Memorial is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The site commemorates the events of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which killed over 2,400 Americans and sank twelve ships. The site includes the USS Arizona Memorial, the USS Utah memorial, the USS Oklahoma memorial, six chief petty officer bungalows on Ford Island, mooring quays F6, F7, and F8, which formed part of Battleship Row, and the visitor center at Halawa Landing. Nearby are the USS Missouri memorial, USS Bowfin museum, and Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum, which are designated historic attractions within the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex.

TO HONOR OUR DEAD The USS Arizona is the final resting place for many of the ship's 1,177 crewmen who lost their lives on December 7,1941. The 184-foot-long Memorial structure spanning the mid-portion of the sunken battleship consists of three main sections: the entry and assembly rooms; a central area designed for ceremonies and general observation; and the shrine room, where the names of those killed on the Arizona are engraved on the marble wall. The USS Arizona Memorial grew out of a wartime desire to establish some sort of memorial at Pearl Harbor to honor those who died in the attack. Suggestions for such a memorial began in 1943, but it wasn't until 1949, when the Territory of Hawaii established the Pacific War Memorial Commission, that the first real steps were taken to bring it about. • •••1 o E Initial recognition came in 1950 when Adm. Arthur Radford, Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC), ordered that a flagpole be erected over the sunken battleship. On the ninth anniversary of the attack, a commemorative plaque was placed at the base of the flagpole. O TJ d) c •^ o 4-. c o E (0 c E (0 a a> D CO President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who helped achieve Allied victory in Europe during World War II, approved the creation of the Memorial in 1958. Its construction was completed in 1961 with public funds appropriated by Congress and private donations. The Memorial was dedicated in 1962. Contrary to popular belief, the USS Arizona is no longer in commission. As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the United States flag flies from the flagpole, which is attached to the severed mainmast of the sunken battleship. The USS Arizona Memorial has come to commemorate all military personnel killed in the Pearl Harbor attack. VISITOR CENTER The visitor center and the USS Arizona are located on the Pearl Harbor Navy Base and a use agreement with the U.S. Navy allows the National Park Service to operate and maintain these facilities. The visitor center is the required first stop for everyone intending to tour the Memorial. It is located on the shoreline overlooking Pearl Harbor directly off State Highway 99 (Kamehameha Highway) about a 45-minute drive west of Waikiki. The visitor center was completed in 1980, using a combination of government funds and private contributions raised by Branch 46 of the Fleet Reserve Association. Free parking for about 250cars is provided. The interpretive program, for which visitors are given free tickets at the visitor center, consists of a brief talk by a National Park Service ranger, followed by a 20minute documentary film on the Pearl Harbor attack. Immediately after the film, the ranger conducts the visitors to the boat landing, where they board a Navy shuttle boat to the Memorial. All visitors disembark on the Memorial and return with their shuttle boat. According to its architect, Alfred Preis, the design of the Memorial, "wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory The overall effect is one 9 O December 7,1941, losses* N I • •••1 a) o > 4) CO CO of serenity. Overtones of sadness have been omitted to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses... his innermost feelings." (0 0- w c g M (0 Z I United States 2,390 Japan Navy 1,999 Marine Corps 109 Army and Army Air Corps 233 Civilian 49 Personnel Wounded 1,178 Navy 710 Marine Corps 69 Army and Army Air Corps 364 Civilian 35 Ships 64 Personnel Killed | GENERAL INFORMATION • The visitor center is open daily from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. The last program begins at 3 p.m. The visitor center and Memorial are closed Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's days. • No reservations are taken; all tours are free of charge and on a "first-come, first-served" basis. • Smoking, eating, and drinking are not permitted in the visitor center's twin theaters, on the boat, or on the Memorial structure. • Valuables, such as cameras and handbags, should be closely guarded or safely secured. • For further information, please call (808) 422-0561 or (808)422-2771, or write the Superintendent, USS Arizona Memorial, 1 Arizona Memorial Place, Honolulu, HI 96818-3145. unknown TRANSPORTATION TO T H E M E M O R I A L Sunk or beached** 12 5 Damaged** • • Aircraft 164 ** All U.S. ships, except the Arizona,29 * Destroyed Figures are subject to further review. Utah, and Oklahoma, were salvaged159 and later saw action. Damaged 74 OV££ Visitors are free to explore the museum and browse through the bookstore operated by the Arizona Memorial M useum Association. Other facilities in the center include a small snack area, central courtyard, restrooms, and administrative areas. The 16-foot by 50-foot oil painting of the USS Arizona behind the information desk is by John Charles Roach. The lawn behind the visitor center provides an excellent view of Ford Island and Battleship Row. | luSS Arizona Memorial iittd For those wi

World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument USS Arizona Memorial, Hawaii National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior USS Arizona Pearl Harbor over time Once a site of human devastation, now a haven for marine life. pre-1800s Ke awalau 'o Pu'uloa (Pearl Harbor) was a vast wetland that provided an abundance of seafood. Hawaiian legends say a mo'o (supernatural lizard deity) brought i'a hamau leo,the native pearl oyster, to the area. Resting on the bottom of Pearl Harbor, the USS Arizona Memorial is now a place of healing and spiritual renewal. While water quality remains an issue, the wreck of the USS Arizona has been reborn as an artificial reef teeming with life. 1943 Pearl Harbor was the mobilization zone for WWII Pacific theater. An unfortunate side effect was the pollution of the Harbor with chemicals and heavy metals. US Navy Pearl Harbor sediment blankets the hull Life rebounds, even where disaster struck Oil continues to seep in small drops from the hull New marine species are introduced by shipping Hull deterioration is influenced by marine life The USS Arizona sits on top of deep mud. Most of the wreck is covered with about seven inches (~18 cm) of silt, built up from river sediment. Seven decades later, marine life rejuvenation in Pearl Harbor is represented by the diverse reef community growing on the hull. The USS Arizona sank with 1.5 million gallons (5.7 million liters) of oil aboard. About 0.5 million gallons (1.9 million liters) remain. Increased wartime shipping activity accelerated the rate of new marine species introduction, some of which persist and threaten native species. Corals, sponges, invertebrates, and algae encrust parts of the USS Arizona. Over time, these organisms are colonizing the hull. Oil leaks from the hull still rise to the surface of the water. This invasive red algae forms huge mounds and thrives where water quality is poor. Upland agriculture and development sediment runoff settles on the hull. Corals, sponges, and small reef fish have made the hull their home. 1962–1980 In 1962, the USS Arizona Memorial was dedicated. In 1980, the operation of the Memorial was transferred from the US Navy to the National Park Service. Encrusting marine life grow around a portal on the ship’s hull. present Nature is slowly reclaiming Pearl Harbor and the hull. World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Brett Seymour F IC PA CI Brett Seymour ND NET W ISLA O Jane Hawkey RK National Park Service NP www.nps.gov/valr S Inv g rin ent ory & Monito Jennifer Smith Brett Seymour Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Integration & Application Network (IAN) National Park Service University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/ www.ian.umces.edu Brett Seymour 

M iddle Loc h Wai p i o Pan Am Clipper Site Pen i n s u l a Pear l Cit y Penins ula Pacific Ocean Bomb Crater Hangar 54 PBY Ramp Hangar 79 Pacific Aviation Museum (Hanger 37) USS Nevada Memorial Fo Air Control Tower USS Utah Memorial rd Isla nd Navy Barracks Air str ip FORD ISLAND “New” Bachelor Officers Quarters (Currently the Navy Lodge) Dispensary USS Oklahoma Memorial Shipyard BAT Chief Petty Officer Housing TLE SHI PR OW USS Missouri USS Tennesse and USS West Virginia Marker Mo ori ng Eas t USS Arizona Marker Qu ays Oil slick ng Qu ern ori al B Mo mir Ad USS Arizona Memorial Sh ut tle Bo at e dg Bri S o u the a st L och ey lar ”C ick Ch d“ har ays Ro e ut Pearl Harbor Memorial Fountain Boat Dock World War II Submarine Memorial way High a h e m a Kameh Visitor Center USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park Loc h 

Kahuku Point ‘Ōpana Haleiwa Field Ka‘ena Point Kawailoa HALE‘IWA Ka‘a‘awa i  a K Schofield Barracks n (radar non-operational) a WAHIAWĀ e WAI‘ANAE o Wheeler Field R a o la Kā u n R g e WAIPAHU l Harbor Pear PEARL CITY n oh Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay e B ay Naval Base Mōkapu Point KĀNE‘OHE g e Nu‘uanu Pali Naval Air Station Pearl Harbor ‘EWA Bellows Field Fort Shafter Hickam Field “Ewa Mooring Mast Field Makapu‘u Point HONOLULU Airfield Gun battery a ne Barbers Point Honolulu Harbor Radar site WAIKĪKĪ Attack site Koko Head Diamond Head WAIPAHU Middle Loch PEARL CITY East Loch USS Utah You are here M Ford Island West Loch oo g rin Qu ay s Ford Island Waipi‘o Peninsula Navy Yard Sub Base Naval Air Station Pearl Harbor o Hospital Point Air Control Tower 0 Old Bachelor Officer Quarters Chief Petty Officer Bungalows ra ge t Dispensary Hickam Field 1 Kilometer Naval Air Station HQ 1 Mile Pearl Harbor scale Fort Weaver Fort Kamehameha Pearl Harbor Entrance Coral reef Hanger 6 Hanger 38 PBY (seaplane) ramp Q USS Arizona M oo s an k Ba st North 0 New Bachelor Officer Quarters el a tt rin le s 0 0 ua ys g p hi Fu W 0.25 Kilometers 0.25 Miles Ford Island scale Ro w 

SOVIET UNION MONGOLIA MANCHURIA Peiping KOREA Sea of Okhotsk KU Vladivostok RIL ISL Attu D AN ALEUTI S TIBET Shanghai AN ISLAN DS Sea of Japan Tokyo Pearl Harbor to Tokyo 3,852 mi. 6,199 km JA P A N CHI NA ALASKA Bering Sea East China Sea Midway Okinawa HA Iwo Jima P A C I F I C FORMOSA WA Pearl Harbor to Los Angeles 2,556 mi. 4,113 km IIA N IS Hong Kong INDIA BURMA THAILAND South China Sea Philippine Sea Manila PHILIPPINES FRENCH INDOCHINA MARIANA ISLANDS Saipan Guam Wake Island O C E A N Philippine Sea Leyte Gulf Pearl Harbor Greatest extent of Japanese control Kwajalein MARSHALL ISLANDS CAROLINE ISLANDS N. BORNEO BRUNEI BRITISH MALAYA Tarawa SARAWAK Singapore NORTHEAST NEW GUINEA Java Sea NETHERL ANDS EA S T I N D I E S Admiralty Islands Bismarck sea SOLOMON ISLANDS PAPUA Guadalcanal Port Moresby INDIAN OCEAN Darwin Coral Sea Allied offensives NEW HEBRIDES Major Pacific battle AUSTRALIA Equator GILBERT ISLANDS SAMOA ISLANDS FIJI LA N D S 

TERRITORY OF ALASKA USSR Aleutian Is MONGOLIA n la CANADA s d Dutch Harbor Seattle MANCHURIA Washington, D.C. Peking KOREA CHINA Shanghai San Francisco JAPAN Hiroshima Nagasaki Tokyo UNITED STATES Los Angeles San Diego Midway Okinawa Iwo Jima International Dateline INDIA Formosa BURMA Hong Kong THAILAND FRENCH INDOCHINA Manila Wake Tinian PHILIPPINES Saipan Guam Singapore Pearl Harbor Panama Canal Gilbert Islands New Guinea MEXICO Marshall Islands Palau NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES TERRITORY OF HAWAII Equator Galapagos Islands Rabaul Solomon Islands Darwin Samoa Fiji Tahiti New Caledonia AUSTRALIA North Fremantle Sydney 0 NEW ZEALAND 0 1,000 2,000 Kilometers 1,000 Equatorial scale The Pacific in 1941 2,000 Miles