Kaloko-Honokōhau

Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific Island Network Keeping the Spirit of Kaloko-Honokohau Alive Nä wai ola o Kane (life-giving waters of the god, Kane) provides the life essence in this dry district of West Hawai'i Island. Native Hawaiian conservation values protect the use of the land, sky, and sea by laying out specific guidelines for interactions between humans and nature. Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park contains visible reminders, such as heiau (temples), loko i'a (fishponds), and ki'i pohaku (petroglyphs) that speak of the spirit of this place. Today, changes of population, resource use, and development alter the environment by compromising groundwater flow, marine life, and native species. The current challenge for this fragile national park is to keep the spirit alive by preserving these unique cultural and natural resources in the face of a rapidly developing landscape. - Kaloko Fishpond wall Kaloko kuapa, ~1200 1778 1819 1848 A settlement is in place and the Kaloko Fishpond is constructed Western contact accelerates changes in native culture, practice, and population The kapu system is abolished after Kamehameha I dies, initiating major cultural changes Great Mahele, a private property law, causes social and land use changes 'Ilima, a native plant for medicinal use 1962 1978 Honokohau settlement becomes a National Historic Landmark Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park is established Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park approx. 1650 present National Park boundary Park building lava field potential impacts ahupua'a boundary village boat harbor coral reef Cultural and Natural Resources villages and sacred sites such as heiau (temples) were built along the coast groundwater recharged coastal pools and wetlands with fresh water historic and sacred sites remain culturally significant and relevent today dense development and heavy traffic cause light, air, and noise pollution a large stone slide was built for holua, sledding sport of the ali'i (chiefs) 'opae 'ula (red shrimp), used for fish bait, lived in coastal brackish pools invasive plants are removed and native plants are restored by park staff future urban developments will threaten groundwater resources early Polynesians brought many plants and animals for their use many resident and migratory birds used the coastal wetlands endangered ae'o (Hawaiian stilt) and other birds nest in park wetlands wells extract groundwater, leading to salt water intrusion into coastal pools a few harmful species, such as rats, arrived unseen with the Polynesians fish were trapped and raised in loko (ponds) for the ali'i (chiefs) fed by groundwater, brackish pools still support unique and rare species excess nutrient runoff stimulates algae blooms, which can kill coral native plants were maintained for medicinal and ceremonial use feeding fish by canoe, then netting, maintained the ko'a (fishing grounds) taro and sweet potato were cultivated in planters on the lava fields abundant and diverse marine life communities existed along the reefs unique red shrimp in brackish pools honu, green sea turtle Cultural and Natural Resources boat harbor, north of park Threats and Human Impacts introduced cats, rats, and mongoose threaten native bird populations new development, south of park invasive marine species transported by boats can damage native reef species loulu, a native palm replanted Threats and Human Impacts Kaloko Fishpond wall rehabiliation Management Initiatives proposed developments threaten groundwater • limit groundwater withdrawal and pollutant inputs unique and culturally significant native plants invasive plants outcompeting native plants • remove invasives and restore native plants migratory and resident wetland birds introduced mammals reducing bird populations • reduce populations of small introduced mammals coast with high coral cover and fish diversity unregulated fishing reducing fish populations • collaborate with state on marine resource management Ni'ihau Hawai'i i Inv or ento nit ry & Mo http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/ Mau'i Lana'i 37 miles North America Asia N National Park Service PS ng Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Moloka'i N RK O'ahu Mauka ISLAND NET W FIC O Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park www.nps.gov/kaho PA CI Major Islands of Hawaii Kauai'i Islands of Hawaii Australia overfishing, increased boat traffic, and underwater noise affect marine life pools and wetlands fed by groundwater Pacific Ocean 0 Threats and Human Impacts Cultural and Natural Resources Pacific Ocean Kaho'olawe Hawai'i Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (star) on the island of Hawai'i. Makai Integration & Application Network (IAN) University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science www.ian.umces.edu N Ahupua'a land division map (left) with Hualalai watershed (circled) and park (red).