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Owls Coloring Book for Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) in Idaho. Published by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
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Owls of the
Morley Nelson
Snake River Birds of Prey
National Conservation Area
A Coloring Book
This coloring book describes the seven species of owls that live in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) either part of the year or year round. We hope you have fun coloring and
learning about these birds which are also called raptors or birds of prey.
This book will help you learn: (1) what owls look like when perched, (2) where
owls like to live, (3) what owls like to eat, (4) what time of year you are likely to see them in the NCA, and (5) how their populations are doing. The glossary will help you understand some of the words that might be new to you.
Once you learn about owls, try to spot as many of them as you can!
Burrowing Owl
Great Horned Owl on Cliff Face
The Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey
National Conservation Area
The Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation
Area (NCA) was established in 1993 to protect a unique environment that
supports one of the world’s densest concentrations of nesting birds of prey,
also called raptors. Falcons, eagles, hawks, owls and vultures occur here in
unique abundance and variety.
Located along 81 miles of the Snake River in southwest Idaho, the NCA
encompasses 485,000 acres of public land. Here the river lies within a deep
canyon that is surrounded by a vast plateau. Cliffs towering up to 700 feet
above the river provide countless ledges, cracks and crevices used as nesting
sites by falcons, golden eagles, hawks, vultures, and great horned owls and
barn owls. The trees and shrubs in the riparian areas along the river provide
nesting sites for raptors such as long-eared owls, northern saw-whet owls,
western screech owls, osprey, and northern harriers. Short-eared owls, burrowing owls and other raptors find nesting sites on the plateau. These habitats (cliff, riparian area, plateau) also support high numbers of prey animals.
The combination of ideal nesting habitat and the extraordinarily high
numbers of prey make the NCA a place like no other for birds of prey. The
area is actually a giant natural raptor nursery. Sixteen species nest here
each spring; seven of these are owls. Eight other species of diurnal (daytime) raptors use the area during winter or pass through during fall and
spring migrations.
To learn more about the NCA and raptors, visit our website at www.
blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/birds_of_prey_nca.html
What are Raptors?
All of the birds in this coloring book are nocturnal raptors - birds of
prey that hunt at night - called owls. All raptors, both diurnal and nocturnal, are predators meaning they hunt, capture, kill and eat other animals for
food. Although the diet varies from species to species, all raptors are meat
eaters. They are strictly carnivores. There are many other carnivorous and
predatory birds, but not all of them belong to the group we call raptors. We
distinguish raptors from other birds because they have:
1.
Strong, powerful feet with sharp curved talons. Raptors’ feet are
perfectly designed to catch and kill prey, and to defend themselves.
The length and size of a raptors’ toes, and the curvature and thickness of
its talons are related to the type of prey it hunts. Most birds of prey have
three toes pointing forward and one pointing backward. Owls and osprey can
move their outer front toe to the back giving them a two front and two back
toe arrangement.
Toes
Talons
owl foot
2.
Sharp, hooked beaks. All raptors have
beaks curved at the tip with sharp cutting
edges to rip and tear apart their prey.
Their
beaks are also strong enough to break the
bones of their prey.
3.
Great Horned Owl
Keen eyesight. Raptors can focus on objects that are far away from
them. With large forward facing eyes, raptors have a large area of binocular vision - like humans. This gives raptors very accurate depth perception
which in turn aids them in catching moving objects (prey).
Nocturnal raptors (owls) have an added advantage of remarkable night
vision. They can see in very low light conditions.
Short-earred Owl
What Are Owls?
Owls are raptors that are adapted to hunting at night. Some owls are completely nocturnal, meaning they start hunting a half-hour after the sun sets
and stop hunting a half-hour before the sun rises. Other owls are crepuscular, meaning they hunt mainly at dusk and at dawn. Owls also can be seen
hunting during the day. This is particularly true during the breeding season
when there are lots of young owlets to feed.
Owls have three special adaptations for nocturnal hunting:
1. Remarkable Night Vision.
While owls can see perfectly fine during the
day, it is their night vision that makes them unique. With eyes jam packed
with light sensitive, rod-shaped cells, owls can see every leaf and twig on
even the darkest night. Most owls have limited color vision as these “rods”
do not react well to color. Owls primarily see in shades of gray.
An owl’s eye is quite large compared to the size of its head due to the large
number of rods.
Their eyes are actually the same size as human eyes and
take up about 30% of the space in their skull. If our eyes were on the same
scale to our bodies, our eyes would be as large as tennis balls!
Because of the large eye size, there is no
room for eye muscles in an owl’s skull and its
eyes are held in place by bony structures call
sclerotic rings (shown in red). Due to these
bony rings, an owl cannot move its eyes - it can
only look straight ahead!
To compensate for this lack of eye movement, owls
have the adaptation of turning their head instead.
They can turn their head 3/4 of the way around
their body or 270 degrees - both ways - in order to
see around them.
2. Exceptional Hearing.
Owls have extraordinary hearing. In fact, an
owl can hear the squeak of a mouse one-half mile away. Like all birds, owls’
ears are located on the side of the head with the ear openings covered by
feathers. In owls, these ear openings can differ in shape and size depending on the species.
Like other birds, owls lack the fleshy outer
ear that humans have, which catches sounds
so we can hear better. Owls make up for
the lack of an outer ear by having a “facial
disc” on the front of their face. This collection of relatively flat, forward facing feathfacial disc
ers helps direct sound to the owl’s ears. The
owl can adjusted these feathers to allow it
to focus at different distances and to locate prey by sound alone - under
snow, under grass, under plants.
An owl is able to tell the direction a sound is coming from (left or right)
because of the very small time difference in which the sound is heard in the
left and right ear. The owl then turns it’s head so the sound arrives at both
ears at the same time - then it knows the prey is right in front of it!
Some owl species have asymmetrical ear openings (one ear is higher on the
head than the ear on the other side). An owl with asymmetrical ears can
also tell if the sound is higher or lower than itself - again because of the
very small time difference in which the sound is heard in each ear.
Once an owl has determined the direction of its prey, it will fly toward it,
keeping its head in line with the direction of the last sound the prey made.
If the prey moves, the owl is able to make corrections mid flight.
3. Silent Feathers.
Owls are known for their ability to fly very very quiet-
ly. There are several features of their feathers that allow them to do this.
An owl’s flight feathers (tail and wing feathers)
have a dense, soft, and velvety upper surface.
This downy surface absorbs a lot of the sound
the wing makes in flapping.
Great Horned Owl feather
In addition, these feathers have a soft fringe on the trailing (back) edge,
Short-eared Owl feather
soft fringe
and a few of the feathers at the very end of the wing have a comb-like leading (front) edge.
Comb-like edge
Great Horned Owl feather
Normally in flight, air rushes over the surface of a bird’s wing, churning as it
flows off the trailing edge of the wing. This makes noise! But with an owl’s
wing, the comb-like leading edge and the soft fringe on the trailing edge
break the churning caused by each wingbeat into hundreds of smaller churns.
This muffles the sound of the air rushing over the wing surface and allows
the owl to fly silently.
Silent flight lets an owl sneak up on its prey. With quiet wings, the owl can
use its senstive hearing to locate prey and .... the prey doesn’t hear the owl
coming!
Conservation Status of Raptors
All birds of prey, including owls, are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty
Act. The Act “makes it illegal for anyone to take, possess, import, export,
transport, sell, purchase, barter or offer for sale, purchase, or barter, any
migratory bird, or the parts” (feathers, wings, etc), “nests, or eggs of such a
bird except under terms of a valid permit issued pursuant to Federal regulations.” The Act further defines “take” to mean “pursue, hunt, shoot, wound,
kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such behavior.”
However, even with this Act, humans, indirectly and directly, remain the
greatest threat to owls primarily through:
Habitat loss due to agricultural development, livestock grazing, and urbanization. This is primarily a loss of nesting sites (“shelter”), reduction of prey
populations (“food”), and enough “space” to fulfill these needs.
Habitat alteration due to wildfire.
Collisions with vehicles.
Predation by domestic animals such as cats and dogs.
Owl Parts
In this coloring book, the field marks of each owl are describe. You can use
the following “maps” to locate these field marks if you are unsure.
Eyebrow
Facial Disc
Beak
Throat
Chin
Back
Wing
Chest
Belly
Burrowing Owl
Ear Tufts
Eyebrow
Rim of
Facial
Disc
Eyelid
Facial Disc
Bristles
Beak
Chin
Throat
Great Horned Owl
I am an adult Barn Owl.
My scientific name is Tyto alba
Field Marks
I am a medium sized owl. My back and wings are gold to beige; heavily
marked with white, black and gray. My chest and belly are white with spotting. My heart-shaped facial disc is white with orange brown borders. My
beak is off white. My eyes are relatively small for an owl and are dark
brown to black. I lack ear tufts. My toes are pale gray; my talons are dark
gray.
Habitat
I am one of the most widespread of all the owls. I am found in North, Central and South America; Europe, Africa, India, SE Asia and Australia. I prefer open habitats with some trees. I nest in natural cavities in trees, cliffs
or caves, or in man-made structures such as nest boxes, barns, and chimneys.
Food
I like to eat small mammals such as mice, kangaroo rats and the young of
larger mammals - rats, gophers, rabbits. I occasionally eat birds. I hunt
mostly at night, from one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise, but
I hunt in daylight too. My ability to locate prey by sound is the most accurate of any animal tested. I can capture prey hidden by vegetation or snow.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA year-round. You may see me peering from cavities in
cliffs, openings in haystacks, roosting in thick groves of trees, or in barns
and abandoned buildings. If you are out at night you may hear me hiss or
scream. I do not hoot.
Conservation Status
My population is declining in North America and Europe. Though not on the
U.S. Endangered Species list, a number of states list me as endangered,
threatened, or a species of special concern. Habitat loss and collisions with
vehicles are the biggest causes of my decline.
Barn Owl
Owls
Nocturnal raptors of various sizes.
Barn Owl
Great Horned Owl
Burrowing Owl
Northern Saw-whet Owl
Long-eared Owl
Western Screech Owl
Short-eared Owl
I am an adult Burrowing Owl
My scientific name is Athene cunicularia
Field Marks
I am a small owl with no ear tufts. My back, wings and head are spotted pale
and creamy brown. I have an oval facial disc, framed by bold white eyebrows,
and a prominent white chin stripe. My chest and upper belly are creamy
white with broad brown bars/spots. My lower belly is white. My eyes are
bright yellow. My beak is creamy. My eyelids are grayish. I have bristlelike feathers on my legs and feet.
Habitat
I am found in North, Central and South America. I prefer open well drained
grasslands, deserts, and prairies. I also use golf courses, vacant lots and
other open areas within cities. I nest underground in the abandoned burrows
of other animals like the badger and often line the nest with dried cow pies.
I also use artificial burrows that people have placed in the ground for me.
Food
I like to eat insects, small mammals and birds but will also eat reptiles and
amphibians. I am crepuscular - hunting mainly at dusk and at dawn - but will
hunt any time. I tend to hunt insects during the day and small mammals at
night.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA from March through August. Look for me on the
ground or on fence posts during the day. I like open areas where I can see
across open country. You may hear me calling in the spring “koo-coo” repeated several times. I imitate a rattlesnake sound to scare off unwanted
visitors to my burrow.
Conservation Status
My population is declining. In the U.S., I am listed as endangered, threatened, or a species of special concern in most states where I live. The BLM
considers me a Watch List species in Idaho. Habitat loss, declining prey
populations, predation and collisions with vehicles are the biggest causes of
my decline.
Burrowing Owl
I am an adult Great Horned Owl
My scientific name is Bubo virginianus
Field Marks
I am the most widespread, one of the most powerful and the only large owl
with prominent ear tufts in North America. My color varies from whitish to
dark brown, but my markings remain the same. My underside has thin brown
bars that become blotchy on my chest. My throat has a bold white patch.
I have a white mustache and white to tan along the sides of my bill into my
eyebrows. My back is darkly mottled with dark bars on my wings and tail.
My facial disc is bordered with black. My large eyes are lemon yellow. My
beak is black but hidden by bristly feathers. My feet are feathered to the
end of my toes. My talons are black.
Habitat
I am found over most of North and Central America and some of South
America. I live from sea level to 11,000 feet. I’m equally at home in desert,
grassland, suburban, agricultural and forest habitats. I do not build my own
nest but use nests of other birds such as hawks, crows, and herons. I also
nest in tree hollows, cliffs, caves, abandoned buildings or artifical platforms.
Food
I eat a wide variety of animals but small to medium sized mammals and birds
make up most of my diet. I prefer rabbits and hares. I’m one of the few
animals that will kill and eat skunks. I hunt primarily at dusk and at night.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA year-round. During the day look for me roosting
in trees, and on cliffs. You may hear me at night making a deep Hoo Hoo
HooHoo.
Conservation Status
I appear to be widespread but thinly distributed over my range. My only
natural enemies are other Great Horned Owls and Golden Eagles.
Great Horned Owl
I am an adult Long-eared Owl
My scientific name is Asio otus
Field Marks
I am a medium sized owl with long ear tufts. My back and wings are dark
brown mixed with white, black, orange, beige and gray. My undersides are
gray and beige with dark brown streaking and barring. My facial disc is light
rust circled with black that often has a white boarder. There is a dark vertical stripe through each eye. I have white eyebrows and a white chin patch.
My bill is black. My eyes are bright yellow. My eyelids are black. My legs
are feathered to the end of my toes. My talons are black.
Habitat
I am found in open and sparsely forested habitats in North America, Europe,
Asia, and northern Africa. I nest in wooded or brushy areas but I hunt in
adjacent open areas such as grasslands, farms, and shrub steppe deserts. I
do not build my own nest but use the abandoned stick nests of other birds.
I sometimes nest in natural cavities in trees or cliffs, or on the ground.
Food
I like to eat small mammals and some songbirds. Mice and voles are my favorite though I also eat squirrels, bats, and cottontail rabbits. Sometimes
I’ll eat insects, frogs and snakes. I hunt from dusk to just before dawn. I
can catch prey in complete darkness.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA from November through June. Look for me in thick
groves of trees and shrubs along the Snake River. My call in late winter/
early spring is a single hoot followed by a pause. This can be repeated for a
long time - hoot - pause - hoot - pause - hoot - pause .....
Conservation Status
My population appears to be stable but in some areas of North America my
population has declined because of habitat loss. In the U.S. I am listed as
endangered, threatened, or a species of special concern in numerous states.
Long-eared Owl
I am an adult Northern Saw-whet Owl
My scientific name is Aegolius acadicus
Field Marks
I am one of the smallest owls - about 7-8 inches long. My large, round head
lacks ear tufts. My facial disc is round. There is white above, below and
between my yellow eyes. My back, wings and tail are brown with white spots.
Underneath I’m white, broadly striped with brown. My legs are featherd to
my talons. My beak and talons are black. When I was younger I looked much
different. In fact you’d think I was a totally difference species. My facial
disk was dark brown with a conspicuous Y-shaped white marking between my
olive green eyes. I only had white markings on my wings and tail, and my unmarked breast was brown and my belly was creamy brown.
Habitat
I am found in North America - from Alaska to the central highlands of Mexico. I prefer to live in coniferous forests but I can also be found in deciduous woodlands, especially along rivers. I nest in tree cavities and in nest
boxes put up by people.
Food
I like to eat small rodents such as mice, voles, shrews, and the young of gophers, chipmunks and squirrels. I will also eat small birds and some insects.
I hunt at night, from about 30 minutes after sunset to about 30 minutes
before sunrise.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA from February through May. Look for me in riparian
areas along the Snake River. I like to hide in the very thickest habitat especially in evergreen trees. You may hear me calling in the spring with a single
“toot” repeated over and over for long periods of time.
Conservation Status
Humans do not have a good handle on the status of my population but it is
probably declining slowly due to habitat loss.
Northern Saw-whet
Owl
I am an adult Short-eared Owl
My scientific name is Asio flammeus
Field Marks
I am a medium sized owl with a round head and short small ear tufts that
sometimes lay back against my head and are not seen. My facial disc is whitish with a brown rim. Around my lemon yellow eyes, the feathers are dark
brown. My eyelids are black. I have white bristlely feathers over my nose.
My chin is white. My upper parts are spotted - brown with tan mottling. Underneath, I am white to light tan with brown vertical streaking. My legs are
feathered to my toes. My feet are yellow. My beak and talons are black.
Habitat
I am found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. I prefer
open habitats such as tundra, prairies, grasslands, agricultural areas and
shrub steppe deserts. I nest on the ground - typically a scraped out depression lined with grass and feathers.
Food
I like to eat small mammals (mice, voles, moles and rabbits) and birds (meadowlarks, blackbirds, shorebirds and small gulls). I will also eat insects. I am
crepuscular - hunting at dusk and at dawn, although you’ll sometimes see me
during the day.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA year-round. I like to roost on the ground in overgrown
fields and marshes. You probably will hear my hunting call which is a soft
scream. In the spring you may hear me make a soft hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo call.
Conservation Status
My population has declined in many areas of North America. In the U.S. I’m
listed as endangered or a species of special concern in a number of states.
In Idaho, the BLM considers me to be a Watch List species. Habitat loss is
a key factor in my decline.
Short-eared Owl
I am an adult Western Screech Owl
My scientific name is Megascops kennicottii
Field Marks
I’m a small owl with ear tufts that may not be visible. My colors vary but
most often I’m gray to brownish. My back and wings are gray or brownish
with dark streaks and fine white horizontal bars. My chest and belly are
whitish with heavy dark vertical streaks. My facial disc is grayish with thick
black borders on the sides. My eyes are lemon yellow. My beak is gray to
black. My feet and toes are feathered. My talons are black.
Habitat
I am found in western North America from SE Alaska to western Texas and
NW Mexico. I like riparian deciduous forests but am also found in semi-open
country with scattered bushes and trees. I nest in cavities of trees, and
man-made nest boxes.
Food
I like to eat a wide variety of small animals: rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects, slugs, snails, and worms. What I eat depends on the time
of year and what is readily available. I am nocturnal - I begin to hunt about
30 minutes after sunset and stop about 30 minutes before sunrise.
When you’ll see me in the NCA
I am seen in the NCA year-round. I like to roost in tree groves or tall shrub
thickets along the Snake River. My call is a series of hoots that get faster
and closer together toward the end - just like a bouncing ball.
Conservation Status
My population is generally thought to be stable but habitat loss is having a
negative impact. In Canada, one subspecies is listed as endangered, and another subspecies is listed as a species of concern. Removal of riparian forests in drier regions like SW Idaho is a concern.
Western Screech Owl
Glossary
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - an agency of the United Stated Department of Interior. The BLM manages public lands for a variety of uses such
as energy development, livestock grazing, recreation, and wildlife habitat,
while protecting a wide array of natural, cultural, and historical resources.
Carnivore - an animal that eats mostly meat.
Coniferous Forests - a forest with conifer trees. These trees have thin
needle-like leaves and cones. Pine and fir are examples of conifer trees.
Crepuscular - describes animals including birds that are active at dusk and
dawn, when the light level is low.
Diurnal - describes animals including birds that are active during the day.
Ear Tuffs - Many owls have tufts of feathers on the tops of their heads
which are often referred to as “horns” or “ears.” It is thought that these
tufts may play a role in non-vocal communication and in camouflaging the bird.
Endangered Species List - The Endangered Species Act is a law to protect
and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend.
Under the Act, species may be listed as either endangered or threatened.
“Endangered” means a species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range. “Threatened” means a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.
Facial Disc - a collection of relatively flat, forward facing feathers on the
face of some birds - most notably owls - that helps direct sound to the
bird’s ears for exceptional hearing. The ears are located at the sides of the
head, behind the eyes, and are covered by the feathers of the facial disc.
The bird can control these feathers to focus sound, allowing them to finetune the location of prey.
Flight Feathers - the long feathers of the wing and tail.
Habitat - the environment in which a plant or animal lives, such as a forest.
Imperiled Species - a species experiencing significant declines in population
or habitat and in danger of regional or local extinctions in the foreseeable
future if factors contriguting to its decline contine.
Leading Edge - The front edge of a bird’s wing.
National Conservation Area - National Conservation Areas (NCAs) are designated by Congress to protect areas which feature exceptional scientific,
cultural, ecological, historical, and recreational values. These areas are managed by the Bureau of Land Management.
Nocturnal - describes animals including birds that are active at night.
Owl - a raptor with excellent eye sight, extraordinary hearing, and silent
flight that hunts other animals usually at night.
Perennial Plants - plants that live for more than two growing seasons
Primary Feathers - the feathers on the outside half of the wing.
Range - the geographic area in which a species normally lives.
Raptor - a bird of prey with powerful feet, talons, and sharp hooked beak.
Riparian Areas/Forests - the dense stands of trees and shrubs that grow
along rivers and streams.
Sclerotic Rings - bony rings around an owl’s eyes which hold them in place.
Sensitive Species - native species whose population numbers are in decline
putting the continued viability of the species at risk across its range.
Shrub Steppe Desert - a grassland which has sufficient rainfall/snow to support a cover of perennial grasses and/or shrubs. The habitat of the NCA is
this type of desert.
Species of Special Concern - a native species that is either low in number,
limited in distribution, or has suffered significant habitat loss.
Subspecies - A subdivision of a species consisting of an interbreeding, usually geographically isolated population of organisms.
Trailing Edge - The back edge of a bird’s wing.
Watch List Species - A species whose current population or habitat information suggests that it may warrant sensitive species status in the future.
Raptor Websites
Here are some websites to help you explore owls and other raptors in more
detail.
www.owling.com/
Information on North and Central American owls with both biology and multimedia sections.
www.owlpages.com/
Information on species, photos, sounds, and other information about owls.
www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/birds_of_prey_nca.html
The website for the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area.
Learn more about raptors and the best time of year to visit the area.
www.peregrinefund.org/
The Peregrine Fund is a non-profit organization based in Boise ID which is dedicated to
saving birds of prey from extinction. View their “Explore Raptors” section to learn more
about birds of prey or visit the Velma Morrison Interpretive Center in Boise.
http://ibo.boisestate.edu/
Intermountain Bird Observatory is on top of Lucky Peak approximately 20 miles from
downtown Boise. Songbird and owl banding, and raptor watching occur here from midJuly to late October. Visitors are welcome.
www.allaboutbirds.org/
This website by The Cornell Lab of Ornithology covers all types of birds.