Kaloko-Honokōhau

https://www.nps.gov/kaho/index.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honok%C5%8Dhau_Settlement_and_Kaloko-Honok%C5%8Dhau_National_Historical_Park Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park is located in the Kona District on the Big island of Hawaiʻi in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi. It includes the National Historic Landmarked archaeological site known as the Honokōhau Settlement. The park was established for the preservation, protection and interpretation of traditional native Hawaiian activities and culture. Along the western coastline of the Island of Hawaiʻi lies the hot, rugged lava of Kaloko, Honokōhau. This seemingly barren and harsh landscape does not appear to be suitable for human existence, and yet, long before written history, the Hawaiian people built a thriving settlement upon this ʻaʻā lava. Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park is located on the west coast of the island of Hawai'i, approximately 3 miles south of the Keahole International Airport (Kailua-Kona AIrport) and 3 miles north of the town of Kailua-Kona, on the ocean side of Highway 19. The visitor center, Hale Ho'okipa, is located half a mile north of the entrance to Honokōhau Harbor. The Kaloko road gate is located across the highway from the Kaloko New Industrial Park (across from the big yellow "Kona Trade Center" building). Hale Ho'okipa Visitor Center Stop by to receive a park orientation at Hale Ho'okipa, the Park's Visitor Center and location of the Hawaii Pacific Parks Association Bookstore. Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park is located on the west coast of the island of Hawai'i, approximately 3 miles south of the Keahole International Airport (Kailua-Kona Airport) and 3 miles north of the town of Kailua-Kona, on the ocean side of Highway 19. The visitor center, Hale Ho'okipa, is located half a mile north of the entrance to Honokohau Harbor. The Kaloko road gate is located across the highway from the Kaloko New Industrial Park (across from the big yellow "Kona Trade Center" building). Kaloko Fishpond The rehabilitation of Kaloko fishpond started in 1998 and still continues today.... Kaloko Fishpond is the largest walled fishpond in the state (800 ft. long) Ai'opio fishtrap Honu (sea turtles) are common on the beach in this area of the park Ai'opio fishtrap is on the south boundary of the park and is used frequently by visitors and for special events (annual children's cultural festival shown). pu'uoina heiau wall construction Great skill was needed to build rock walls Kids working at station for Archeology game Hawaiian cultural festival Fourth graders at Park's Cultural Festival Plant activity for fourth graders at Park's Cultural Festival Learning from park staff about plants Fourth Graders learn about native plants at the park Hands in Craft Making Hawaiian objects The detail of a Hawaiian artist Entrance to Petroglyph Boardwalk Modern version of Ki'i Pohaku (Petroglyphs)! When you visit the Petroglyphs in the park you'll see this image in modern stone! Ho'okupu Offering Offering during the time of Makahiki Voices of Science: Fishponds at Kaloko-Honokōhau Native Hawaiians were some of the first fish-farmers in history. 800 years ago, they built large fishponds where they’d raise fish for the whole community. And nature provided, too. Naturally-formed fishponds dotted the coast of the Big Island of Hawaii. Today, Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park works hard to maintain these symbols of the past, to preserve them for our future. Waves crash against a massive sea wall Crystal Clear: Evaluating Potential Water Quality Changes in Hawaii Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, on the west side of the island of Hawaii, was established in 1978 to preserve, interpret, and perpetuate traditional Native Hawaiian culture and activities. Vital to this mission are a variety of culturally and ecologically significant resources that are dependent on water. a pond separated from the ocean by a natural barrier. Climate Change Clues from Monitoring As climate changes, significant changes in weather conditions impact the natural environment by shifting patterns of precipitation, promoting extremes in storm behavior, and influencing bird migration, invasive species spread, coral reef decline, and much more. The Pacific Island Network (PACN) undertakes systematic long-term monitoring of a wide variety of natural resources to accurately determine if change is occurring and why. Precipitation seen over the lush valleys of Kalaupapa National Historical Park. Sea Level Rise & Anchialine Pools Anchialine pools are brackish coastal ecosystems without a surface connection to the ocean, where groundwater and ocean water (from underground) mix. In Hawai‘i, groundwater flows through these pools and out to wetlands and coral reefs making them valuable indicators of broad-scale groundwater recharge and contamination. An anchialine pool in Pu‘uhonua O Hōnaunau National Park Algae Grazers Help Clean Up How unique marine assemblages at Kalaupapa National Historical Park and Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park provide an excellent opportunity to study nutrient inputs into nearshore waters, and its influence on benthic communities and the associated fish assemblage. Red pencil sea urchin (Heterocentrotus mammillatus) NPS Geodiversity Atlas—Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawaii Each park-specific page in the NPS Geodiversity Atlas provides basic information on the significant geologic features and processes occurring in the park. Links to products from Baseline Geologic and Soil Resources Inventories provide access to maps and reports. waves breaking on stone wall Voices of Science: Coral Bleaching in the Pacific Coral bleaching is a global crisis. Warmer water temperatures cause corals to react by expelling algae, called zooxanthellae, leaving stark white corals in their wake. If corals stay bleached for too long, the whole reef could die. Our reefs are home to a wide variety of sea life, and to lose this biodiversity would be devastating. But reef biologists in Kaloko-Honokohau say there’s still time to help control the warming that’s underway. Coral and small fish under the water National Park Getaway: Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Begin your adventure in Hawaiʻi, one of the most remote island chains in the world. You travelled here looking for new experiences–much like the first Polynesians, who set out from distant shores in the South Pacific and arrived in these islands. waves crashing over a stony shore Bird Beak Buffet Learn about birds, the importance of beak shape and size, and what type of food they eat with the fun, interactive activity! A Hawaiian Stilt and a Coot forage for food in ʻAimakapa Fishpond 2020 WORLDFEST FILM FESTIVAL WINNERS In 2020 Harpers Ferry Center (HFC) won eight awards at WorldFest Houston. Many of these can be viewed over the summer through our upcoming film festival in celebration of HFC’s 50th Anniversary. (Note: The Special Jury REMI Award is given for a ranking of A+ and recognizes the top films in each category.) Green trees grow in red dirt canyons unde a cloudy sky. Conserving pinnipeds in Pacific Ocean parks in response to climate change The evolutionary record from previous climate perturbations indicates that marine mammals are highly vulnerable but also remarkably adaptable to climatic change in coastal ecosystems. Consequently, national parks in the Pacific, from Alaska to Hawaii, are faced with potentially dramatic changes in their marine mammal fauna, especially pinnipeds (seals and sea lions). black harbor seal Series: Crystal Clear: A Call to Action In 2016, the nation celebrates the centennial of the National Park Service (NPS) as the steward of special places that represent our natural and cultural heritage. Many national parks were founded on the beauty and value of water. Since the preservation of the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park in 1872, the National Park System has grown to include significant examples within majestic rivers, the Great Lakes, oceans and coasts, and other spectacular water resources. bright blue lake green islands in between Anchialine Pools Anchialine pools are unique aquatic ecosystems where water pools in the crevices and cracks of lava near shore. They are made up of brackish water - a mixture of fresh groundwater that comes from the rain on the mountain, filtered through porous lava rock and salt water that is linked to the ocean by subterranean tunnels. Water levels in the pools often fluctuate in response to ocean tides due to the coastal location and connection with the ocean. Anchialine Pool in the Park Plan like a Park Ranger Top 10 items to remember when visiting the park Lono pole for Makahiki Ceremonies Fishponds at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park In this video a new generation of native Hawaiians express the importance of carrying on their traditions. two large walls made up of black lava rock extend into the ocean Kaloko-Honokōkau: A Kīpuka for Reconnection At Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, the restoration of ancient fishponds not only brings native species back to the area and supports nearshore fisheries, but it also allows the Native Hawaiian community to reconnect with traditional practices, perpetuating culture to the next generation and beyond. Workday volunteers pose in front of Kaloko fishpond Geraldine Kenui Bell Geraldine Kenui Bell, better known as Geri, was the first Native Hawaiian woman to be superintendent of a National Park Service (NPS) unit – in fact, she oversaw the operation of two different parks in Hawai‘i simultaneously. Woman in National Park uniform and leis speaks to crowd. Podium stands field of lava rock Series: Women's History in the Pacific West - Pacific Islands Collection Women's biographies from Hawai'i and Guam Map of parks in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands Travel Blog: The Pacific Islands Writing Prompt: Travel Blog written by Audrey Nelson for "A Day in the Life of a Fellow" Article Series. Audrey is a NPS Workforce Management Fellow, in partnership with Northwest Youth Corps Map of the Pacific Islands Project Profile: Collect Seed for Resilient Pacific Islands The National Park Service is collaborating with a range of partner organizations to coordinate native seed collection for ecosystem restoration and rare species conservation in Pacific Island parks. Seeds will be collected and curated for use in species reintroduction and conservation efforts, post-fire restoration, and to develop sustainable seed supply chains for island parks. a plant nursery with various native plants Shaping the System Under President Jimmy Carter President Jimmy Carter oversaw one of the largest growths in the National Park System. Explore some of the parks that are part of the legacy of the presidency of Jimmy Carter, who served as the 39th president of the United States from January 20, 1977, to January 20, 1981. Historic photo of Jimmy Carter walking through a crowd at Harpers Ferry Updated Species Database Will Help Boost Amphibian Conservation Across the National Park System To steward amphibians effectively, managers need basic information about which species live in parks. But species lists need constant maintenance to remain accurate. Due to recent efforts, the National Park Service now has an up-to-date amphibian species checklist for almost 300 parks. This information can serve as the basis for innumerable conservation efforts across the nation. A toad sits on red sand, looking into the camera. Lava Flow Surface Features Surface features on a lava flow may reveal important information of the specific dynamics that occurred during the eruption and emplacement of the flow. photo of lava rock with a rippled surface of ropey lava Lava Flow Forms Young lava flows also have structures and textures that reveal information about their eruptions. Basaltic lava flows come in two major forms: Pāhoehoe and ‘A‘ā. photo of ropey and blocky lava Project Profile: Inventory and Monitoring of Pacific Island Historic & Cultural Resources Impacted by Climate Change The National Park Service will address impacts to archeological and ethnographic resources and cultural landscapes at Pacific Island parks from climate related sea level rise, storm frequency, flooding, and erosion. A dark, rocky beach landscape with palm trees scattered throughout, amidst blue skies. New Research Shows How Parks Can Support Eco-Friendly Sunscreen Use Sunscreens help prevent skin cancer, but some can harm the environment. Three recent behavioral science papers describe ways to boost visitors’ use of eco-friendly sun protection. Adult in a NPS diving uniform with a child snorkeling and pointing at colorful corals. Project Profile: Apply Early Detection Rapid Response to Eradicate Goats in Hawaii Parks The National Park Service will protect and restore ecosystems by detecting and removing invasive feral goats from national parks in Hawai’i. The project will support detecting and mapping goat populations to inform removal plans. The project employs rapid response removal techniques (such as trapping, fencing, and live removal) to yield immediate results for the affected natural and cultural resources in these parks. A black and white goat with large horns peaking out behind a tree. Project Profile: Prevention/Islands: Traveler Education The National Park Service will lead a collaborative effort with Department of the Interior bureaus and other partners to promote behaviors that will decrease the risk of spreading invasive species on islands. Education and outreach products will be developed with the goal of reaching the largest audience of island visitors possible. Half above and half underwater view of thick mangrove roots growing. Project Profile: Restore Biocultural Hawaiian Ecosystems The National Park Service (NPS) will restore Hawaiian montane rainforests and anchialine pools to protect cultural and natural resources in sensitive coastal areas. The NPS will prevent feral pigs and invasive fish from entering anchialine pools and remove invasive species to protect the unique and culturally important natural ecosystems. In the montane rainforest, removing invasive plants and preventing new establishments will improve forest health. Coconut palms surrounding an anchialine pond. Project Profile: Produce Plant Materials for Pacific Island Parks The National Park Service (NPS) will expand native plant material production and storage to prevent the introduction of harmful pathogens or organisms to the Hawaiian Islands. This effort will secure appropriate seed storage capacity, produce individual plants for revegetation, and obtain locally adapted seed from partner organizations to support restoration needs. The project will result in protection and restoration of plants important to native Hawaiian people and culture. Kalaupapa National Historical Park viewed from the trail.

Kaloko-Honoköhau National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior ‘Ai‘öpio fishtrap was constructed of lava rock by Hawaiians. Fish swam into the bay at high tide and were trapped inside the walls as the tide fell. The partly shaded Ala Hele Kahakai, or Coastal Trail, has spectacular coastal scenery. NPS ©MASA USHIODA / INNERSPACE VISIONS NPS NPS ©GYL ASPIRIN / INNERSPACE VISIONS Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park Hawaii Honu, or green sea turtles, like to bask in the sun. They are endangered and are protected by law. Please do not disturb them. Despite the modern development nearby, here at KalokoHonokōhau National Historical Park the ancient world surrounds you. Established in 1978, this park preserves the coastal sections of two ahupua‘a (traditional land divisions), Kaloko and Honokōhau. In the past hundreds of Hawaiians lived here. Extended family groups fished, farmed, and lived self-sufficiently. The volcano produced two types of lava: the smooth, ropy flows called pāhoe­hoe, and the rough chunks of ‘a‘ā. Look closely at piles of rock protruding from the lava field—they may be ancient structures that survived because of Hawaiian engineering skill. Some of the ahu (large rock cairns) marked formal boundaries between ahupua‘a, which ensured sufficient resources for the people of each ahupua‘a. Hawaiians had many different methods of fishing depending on the character of the coastal terrain. Nets were made of plant fiber, while fishhooks and lures were made from bone, shell, and rock. The coastal trail leads you past the Kaloko and ‘Aimakapā fishponds and the ‘Ai‘öpiō fishtrap. Kaloko fishpond is an excellent example of traditional aquaculture. Fish were raised here to sustain the people. Hawaiian society was highly stratified; ali‘i (chiefs) and priests ranked highest, followed by warriors, tradespeople, and commoners. They were governed by konohiki (land managers). Strict principles of land and ocean conservation were enforced through kapu, religious laws. Also built from lava rock were agricultural, fishing, and religious structures. On the road to Kaloko fishpond look for elevated planters used to cultivate sweet potatoes, gourds, and other crops. An old heiau (religious temple) stands at the southern end of the park beside ‘Ai‘ōpio fishtrap. Throughout Hawaii heiau were built as tributes to the gods and for religious ceremonies dedicated to war, agriculture, fishing, ocean navigation, and medicine. Hawaiians gave offerings of prayers, plants, goods, chants, dance, and song. Many coastal dwellers shared the ocean’s bounty with their families in the uplands and, in return, received mountain products. Fish, salt, and coconuts were collected along the coast. Ulu (breadfruit), kalo (taro), and wauke (paper mulberry) were grown on the mountain. Look mauka, up toward the mountain Hualālai. Then look makai, out to sea. The ahupua‘a extended from the upper slopes of the volcano down to the coast and even out into the ocean. Most necessities were found within the boundaries of the ahupua‘a. Mälama Ka ‘Äina—Care for the Land nps wai­ian coot, top left) and the ae‘o (Hawaiian black-­ necked stilt, top right) are found only in Hawaii and are en­dangered. These birds nest along the edge of ‘Aimakapä fishpond. The pua pilo (above left) is a fragrant native flower that blooms in the early morning and fades by the afternoon. It is used in traditional medicine. The yellow blooms of the ‘ilima (above right) are ©JACK JEFFREY NPS / JESSE M. HARRIS; PHotos below—nps ©JACK JEFFREY Stop first at Hale Ho‘okipa, the park visitor information center, 4.2 miles south of the airport via Hawaii 19. Hours are 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. daily. There is an information desk and sales area. A careful look may re­ ward you with sightings of some native species. The ‘alae ke‘oke‘o (Ha­ anchialine pond. The water level of these ponds fluctuates with the tide, reminding us of their underground connection to the sea. In times past they provided drinking water for humans. Now these ponds shelter rare plants and animals. Near ‘Aimakapā fishpond is the hōlua, or stone slide. The hōlua was used as a form of sport for the ali‘i. Its surface was lined with grasses in preparation for use. Riders would race toboggan-like sleds to the bottom of the slide. The length of this hōlua is about 150 feet, and it was wide enough for two sledders at a time. As you walk through this ancient homeland, keep in mind that not everything you see is from the past. You may see offerings left recently at certain sites, a reminder that traditional Hawaiian practices keep the spirit of the past very much alive at Kaloko-Honokōhau. Planning Your Visit Getting to the Park Kaloko-Honoköhau Na­tional Historical Park is on the west coast of the island of Hawai‘i, between Kona International Airport and Kailua-Kona. Much has changed here since ancient times. Non-native plants and animals thrive in this coastal area, often at the ex­pense of

Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior - The Groundwater Resources at Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park What is the human threat to the groundwater system in north Kona? approximate park boudnary Reduced groundwater flow impacts the fragile balance between freshwater and saltwater. What is the value of water at Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park? Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, located in north Kona, Hawai'i, contains globally rare anchialine pool habitats and significant Hawaiian cultural sites. ocean PREMIUM $ $ PREMIUM $ $ anchialine pool fishpond brackish water freshwater capture freshwater capture freshwater saltwater As groundwater resources are captured by more development wells pumping groundwater may become increasingly saline, altering native communities saline Traditional Hawaiian fishponds receive brackish water that supports the life cycle of culturally significant fish. Hualalai Aquifer Sector How does the groundwater system work in north Kona? KALOKOHONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK approximate park boudnary - N fish pond freshwater freshwater brackish water 2.5 32 18 million gallons per day planned additional water extraction just within this 2.5 mi zone around the park Keauhou Aquifer System 0 Keauhou Aquifer System ,3 2 water use 12 million gallons per day current water extraction for this area Keauhou Aquifer System North Kona has low rainfall, dark porous soils, abundant sun, and high evaporation. As a result, aquatic resources are highly dependent on groundwater. ocean as more saltwater is drawn inland . Planned developments, if implemented around the park, will more than double this current water extraction to 30 million gallons per day (MGD). Kiholo Aquifer System anchialine pool and may dry at low tide. Historic fishponds could also become too monthly pumpage (million gallons per day) Groundwater emerges in shallow anchialine pools. Brackish water provides habitat for unique, culturally significant plants and animals. affecting culturally important species coastal anchialine pools 5 Mi 28 planned 24 20 16 12 current 8 4 0 2 http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/oeqc/index. html 3 http://hi.water.usgs.gov/recent/westhawaii/ pumpage.html 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 year The sustainable yield was set at 38 MGD for the Keauhou Aquifer System by the Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Managment. However, that yield was established to protect drinking water resources only and did not consider potential ecological or cultural resource requirements. saltwater Rainfall that seeps into the soil forms a layer of fresh groundwater that floats on the layer of brackish groundwater. The brackish water emerges in low anchialine pools and seeps into the fishponds, wetlands, and nearshore marine waters. KALOKO-HONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK fishponds nearshore marine Honokohau Bay KALOKO-HONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK N 0 Less then 40” 0.25 0.5 Mi Aquatic habitats in the park Rain-gaging station N anchialine pool habitat 10 20 Mi RK 0 nearshore marine habitat ISLAND NET W O 1 Oki et al. 1999 PS N brackish fishpond and wetland habitat For more information, contact: Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park 73-4786 Kanalani St., #14, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 Ph. 808-329-6881 ext.1220 FIC ng Greater than or equal to 40” and less than 80” anchialine pools Hualalai Aquifer Sector Greater than or equal to 120” Greater than or equal to 80” and less than 120” The park’s ecologically fragile and culturally significant habitats may be adversely affected by excessive groundwater withdrawal in developments outside the park. PA CI Mean annual rainfall1 What are the potential consequences of reduced groundwater flow to the natural and cultural resources of Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park? i Inv or ento nit ry & Mo Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program National Park Service Integration & Application Network (IAN) University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/ www.ian.umces.edu 

Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific Island Network Keeping the Spirit of Kaloko-Honokohau Alive Nä wai ola o Kane (life-giving waters of the god, Kane) provides the life essence in this dry district of West Hawai'i Island. Native Hawaiian conservation values protect the use of the land, sky, and sea by laying out specific guidelines for interactions between humans and nature. Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park contains visible reminders, such as heiau (temples), loko i'a (fishponds), and ki'i pohaku (petroglyphs) that speak of the spirit of this place. Today, changes of population, resource use, and development alter the environment by compromising groundwater flow, marine life, and native species. The current challenge for this fragile national park is to keep the spirit alive by preserving these unique cultural and natural resources in the face of a rapidly developing landscape. - Kaloko Fishpond wall Kaloko kuapa, ~1200 1778 1819 1848 A settlement is in place and the Kaloko Fishpond is constructed Western contact accelerates changes in native culture, practice, and population The kapu system is abolished after Kamehameha I dies, initiating major cultural changes Great Mahele, a private property law, causes social and land use changes 'Ilima, a native plant for medicinal use 1962 1978 Honokohau settlement becomes a National Historic Landmark Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park is established Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park approx. 1650 present National Park boundary Park building lava field potential impacts ahupua'a boundary village boat harbor coral reef Cultural and Natural Resources villages and sacred sites such as heiau (temples) were built along the coast groundwater recharged coastal pools and wetlands with fresh water historic and sacred sites remain culturally significant and relevent today dense development and heavy traffic cause light, air, and noise pollution a large stone slide was built for holua, sledding sport of the ali'i (chiefs) 'opae 'ula (red shrimp), used for fish bait, lived in coastal brackish pools invasive plants are removed and native plants are restored by park staff future urban developments will threaten groundwater resources early Polynesians brought many plants and animals for their use many resident and migratory birds used the coastal wetlands endangered ae'o (Hawaiian stilt) and other birds nest in park wetlands wells extract groundwater, leading to salt water intrusion into coastal pools a few harmful species, such as rats, arrived unseen with the Polynesians fish were trapped and raised in loko (ponds) for the ali'i (chiefs) fed by groundwater, brackish pools still support unique and rare species excess nutrient runoff stimulates algae blooms, which can kill coral native plants were maintained for medicinal and ceremonial use feeding fish by canoe, then netting, maintained the ko'a (fishing grounds) taro and sweet potato were cultivated in planters on the lava fields abundant and diverse marine life communities existed along the reefs unique red shrimp in brackish pools honu, green sea turtle Cultural and Natural Resources boat harbor, north of park Threats and Human Impacts introduced cats, rats, and mongoose threaten native bird populations new development, south of park invasive marine species transported by boats can damage native reef species loulu, a native palm replanted Threats and Human Impacts Kaloko Fishpond wall rehabiliation Management Initiatives proposed developments threaten groundwater • limit groundwater withdrawal and pollutant inputs unique and culturally significant native plants invasive plants outcompeting native plants • remove invasives and restore native plants migratory and resident wetland birds introduced mammals reducing bird populations • reduce populations of small introduced mammals coast with high coral cover and fish diversity unregulated fishing reducing fish populations • collaborate with state on marine resource management Ni'ihau Hawai'i i Inv or ento nit ry & Mo http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/ Mau'i Lana'i 37 miles North America Asia N National Park Service PS ng Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Moloka'i N RK O'ahu Mauka ISLAND NET W FIC O Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park www.nps.gov/kaho PA CI Major Islands of Hawaii Kauai'i Islands of Hawaii Australia overfishing, increased boat traffic, and underwater noise affect marine life pools and wetlands fed by groundwater Pacific Ocean 0 Threats and Human Impacts Cultural and Natural Resources Pacific Ocean Kaho'olawe Hawai'i Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (star) on the island of Hawai'i. Makai Integration & Application Network (IAN) University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science www.ian.umces.edu N Ahupua'a land division map (left) w